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The (c. 1550 BC), an Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus, explains nose job as the plastic surgical operation for reconstructing a nose damaged by rhinectomy, such a mutilation was inflicted as a criminal, spiritual, political, and military punishment in that time and culture. Rhinoplasty techniques are described in the ancient Indian text by Sushruta, where a nose is reconstructed by using a flap of skin from the cheek.


25 BC 50 ADVERTISEMENT) released the 8-tome (On Medicine, c - rhinoplasty surgery austin. 14 ADVERTISEMENT), which described cosmetic surgery strategies and procedures for the correction and the restoration of the nose and other body parts. At the Byzantine Roman court of the Emperor Julian the Apostate (331363 ADVERTISEMENT), the royal physician Oribasius (c.




In Italy, Gasparo Tagliacozzi (15461599), teacher of surgical treatment and anatomy at the University of Bologna, released Curtorum Chirurgia Per Insitionem (The Surgical Treatment of Problems by Implantations, 1597), a technicoprocedural manual for the surgical repair work and reconstruction of facial injuries in soldiers. The illustrations featured a re-attachment rhinoplasty using a biceps muscle pedicle flap; the graft attached at 3-weeks post-procedure; which, at 2-weeks post-attachment, the cosmetic surgeon then formed into a nose.


( cf. Carpue's operation). Artificial nose, made from plated metal, 17th-18th century Europe. This would have been worn as an alternative to nose job. In Germany, rhinoplastic method was refined by surgeons such as the Berlin University teacher of surgery Karl Ferdinand von Grfe (17871840), who published Rhinoplastik (Restoring the Nose, 1818) wherein he explained 55 historical plastic surgical treatment procedures, and his technically ingenious free-graft nasal restoration (with a tissue-flap collected from the client's arm), and surgical techniques to eyelid, cleft lip, and cleft palate corrections.




von Grfe's protg, the medical and surgical Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (17941847), who was among the first surgeons to anaesthetize the patient before performing the nose surgery, released Die Operative Chirurgie (Personnel Surgical Treatment, 1845), which became a fundamental medical and plastic surgical text (see strabismus, torticollis). Additionally, the Prussian Jacques Joseph (18651934) released Nasenplastik und sonstige Gesichtsplastik (Nose job and other Facial Plastic Surgeries, 1928), which explained refined surgical methods for carrying out nose-reduction nose surgery via internal incisions.

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In the early 20th century, Freer, in 1902, and Killian, in 1904, pioneered the submucous resection septoplasty (SMR) procedure for remedying a deviated septum; they raised mucoperichondrial tissue flaps, and resected the cartilaginous and bony septum (including the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone), keeping septal assistance with a 1.


0-cm margin at the caudad, for which innovations the method ended up being the foundational, standard septoplastic treatment. In 1921, A. Rethi presented the open nose surgery method including an incision to the nasal septum to assist in modifying the pointer of the nose. In 1929, Peer and Metzenbaum carried out the first control of the caudal septum, where it originates and projects from the forehead - austin rhinoplasty.


Cottle (18981981) endonasally solved a septal discrepancy with a minimalist hemitransfixion incision, which conserved the septum; therefore, he promoted for the useful primacy of the closed nose surgery approach. In 1957, A. Sercer advocated the "decortication of the nose" (Dekortication des Nase) method which included a columellar-incision open nose surgery that permitted greater access to the nasal cavity and to the nasal septum.


Goodman in the later 1970s, and by Jack P - austin rhinoplasty. Gunter in the 1990s. Goodman urged technical and procedural progress and promoted the open nose job method. [] In 1987, Gunter reported the technical efficiency of the open nose job approach for carrying out a secondary nose job; his enhanced rhinoplasty surgery austin techniques advanced the management of a stopped working nose surgery. [] Nasal anatomy: Squamous epithelium is one of a number of types of epithelia.


For plastic surgical correction, the structural anatomy of the nose makes up: A. the nasal soft tissues; B. the aesthetic subunits and sectors; C. the blood supply arteries and veins; D. the nasal lymphatic system; E. the facial and nasal nerves; F. the nasal bone; and G. the nasal cartilages. Nasal skin Like the underlying bone- and-cartilage (osseo-cartilaginous) assistance structure of the nose, the external skin is divided into vertical thirds (structural areas); from the glabella (the space between the eyebrows), to the bridge, to the tip, for restorative plastic surgery, the nasal skin is anatomically thought about, as the: Upper third section the skin of the upper nose is thin, subcutaneous fat layer is thicker and reasonably distensible (versatile and mobile), however then tapers, sticking firmly to the osseo-cartilaginous structure, and becomes the thinner skin of the dorsal area, the bridge of the nose.

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Lower third area the skin of the lower nose is as thicker and less mobile, since it has more sebaceous glands, especially at the nasal suggestion. Subcutaneous fat layer is extremely thin. Nasal lining At the vestibule, the human nose is lined with a mucous membrane of squamous epithelium, which tissue then shifts to become columnar breathing epithelium, a pseudo-stratified, ciliated (lash-like) tissue with abundant seromucous glands, which keeps the nasal moisture and safeguards the breathing tract from bacteriologic infection and foreign things.


the elevator muscle group that includes the procerus muscle and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle. the depressor muscle group which consists of the alar nasalis muscle and the depressor septi nasi muscle. the compressor muscle group which consists of the transverse nasalis muscle. the dilator muscle group that includes the dilator naris muscle that broadens the nostrils; it remains in two parts: (i) the dilator nasi anterior muscle, and (ii) the dilator nasi posterior muscle.


To prepare, map, and carry out the surgical correction of a nasal defect or defect, the structure of the external nose is divided into nine (9) aesthetic nasal subunits, and six (6) aesthetic nasal sectors, which offer the plastic surgeon with the measures for determining the size, extent, and topographic location of the nasal flaw or deformity.